{"id":83,"date":"2024-05-28T23:28:26","date_gmt":"2024-05-28T23:28:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/karenmariepalmer.com\/theroughwritersguide\/chapter\/in-text-citations\/"},"modified":"2024-05-28T23:29:30","modified_gmt":"2024-05-28T23:29:30","slug":"in-text-citations","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/karenmariepalmer.com\/theroughwritersguide\/chapter\/in-text-citations\/","title":{"raw":"In-Text (Parenthetical) Citations","rendered":"In-Text (Parenthetical) Citations"},"content":{"raw":"\n<h1>In-Text Citations<\/h1>\nThe first step is to correctly cite each source you will use in your paper in your list of sources. Then, when you include a quote or a reference from a source, be sure to correctly cite the source in an in-text citation.\n<ul>\n \t<li>Introduce your quote (don\u2019t just copy and paste something from your source!).<\/li>\n \t<li>Make sure the quote is in quotation marks.<\/li>\n \t<li>Properly cite the quote with an in-text citation. Before the end mark, in parenthesis, type the first word\/words of the source listing and the page number, if applicable.<\/li>\n \t<li>Wrap up your quote by reiterating for readers what point the quote makes (analysis\/evaluation).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nThe in-text citation must match the first word in the list of sources. So, if your source has an author, you would put the author's name in the in-text citation and also at the end in the works cited. See the following example from a paper formatted using MLA documentation style:\n\n<img class=\"alignnone wp-image-101 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/karenmariepalmer.com\/theroughwritersguide\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2024\/05\/Citation_In-text.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"903\" height=\"521\"> <img class=\"alignnone wp-image-102 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/karenmariepalmer.com\/theroughwritersguide\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2024\/05\/Works-Cited.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"963\" height=\"507\">\n<div id=\"mccrimmon-ch22_s03_t02\" class=\"table block\">\n<div id=\"mccrimmon-ch07_s07_s02\" class=\"section\">\n<div id=\"mccrimmon-ch22_s03_t01\" class=\"table block\">\n<h1 class=\"title editable block\">Formatting In-Text References<\/h1>\n<p id=\"mccrimmon-ch22_s04_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">When you use others\u2019 ideas, you have a variety of options for integrating these sources into your text. The main requirement is that you make it clear within your in-text reference that the information is not yours and that you clearly indicate where you got the idea. The following box shows some alternate phrases for signaling that the ideas you are using belong to another writer. Using a variety of wording makes writing more interesting. Note: Past tense is used in these examples. You may elect to use present tense (\u201cwrites\u201d) or past perfect tense (\u201chas written\u201d), but keep your tense use consistent. Some disciplines have specific requirements for tense. For example,&nbsp; if you are writing about literature, you should always use the present tense.<\/p>\n\n<div id=\"mccrimmon-ch22_s04_n01\" class=\"callout editable block\">\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h2 class=\"title\">Phrases That Signal an Idea Belongs to Another Writer (<em>APA style includes the date of publication in parenthesis; MLA style does not<\/em>):<\/h2>\n<ul id=\"mccrimmon-ch22_s04_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\n \t<li>According to Starr (2010)\u2026<\/li>\n \t<li>Acknowledging that\u2026<\/li>\n \t<li>Starr (2010) stated\u2026<\/li>\n \t<li>As Starr (2010) noted\u2026<\/li>\n \t<li>In 2010, Starr reported\u2026<\/li>\n \t<li>In the words of Starr (2010)\u2026<\/li>\n \t<li>It is obvious, according to Starr (2010), that\u2026<\/li>\n \t<li>Starr (2010) argued that\u2026<\/li>\n \t<li>Starr (2010) disagreed when she said\u2026<\/li>\n \t<li>Starr (2010) emphasized the importance of\u2026<\/li>\n \t<li>Starr (2010) suggested\u2026<\/li>\n \t<li>Starr observed in 2010 that\u2026<\/li>\n \t<li>Technology specialist, Linda Starr, claimed that\u2026(2010).<\/li>\n \t<li>\u2026indicated Starr (2010).<\/li>\n \t<li>\u2026wrote Starr (2010)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"para editable block\">The Tables below shows some actual examples of integrating sources within the guidelines of APA and MLA documentation formats. Note how the cited details are woven in with the author's ideas.<\/p>\n\n<div id=\"mccrimmon-ch07_s07_s02\" class=\"section\">\n<div id=\"mccrimmon-ch22_s03_t01\" class=\"table block\">\n<h2 class=\"title\">&nbsp;Integrating Sources (Using Direct Quotations):<\/h2>\n<table class=\"grid landscape\" style=\"width: 653px\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 89.3125px\"><\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 273.312px\">APA<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 248.312px\">MLA<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 89.3125px\" rowspan=\"2\">Explanation<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 273.312px\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Short Quotations:<\/strong> Place within quotation marks and follow with page number in parentheses (p. #). Include the author\u2019s name and date either in a signal phrase before the quotation or at the end (name, year, p. #).<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 248.312px\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Short Quotations:<\/strong> Place within quotation marks and follow with page number in parentheses (#). Include the author\u2019s name either in a signal phrase before the quotation or at the end (name #)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 273.312px\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Long Quotations (forty words or more):<\/strong> Place in an inset block of text without quotations. Include the author\u2019s name and date either in a signal phrase before the quotation or at the end (name, year, p. #).<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 248.312px\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Long Quotations (more than four lines):<\/strong> Place in an inset block of text without quotations. Include the author\u2019s name either in a signal phrase before the quotation or at the end (name #).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 89.3125px\">Example #1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 273.312px\">According to Fullan (2001), \u201cEducational change depends on what teachers do and think\u2014it\u2019s as simple and complex as that\u201d (p. 107).<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 248.312px\">According to Fullan, \u201cEducational change depends on what teachers do and think\u2014it\u2019s as simple and complex as that\u201d (107).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 89.3125px\">Example #2<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 273.312px\">\u201cEducational change depends on what teachers do and think\u2014it\u2019s as simple and complex as that\u201d (Fullan, 2001, p. 107).<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 248.312px\">\u201cEducational change depends on what teachers do and think\u2014it\u2019s as simple and complex as that\u201d (Fullan 107).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mccrimmon-ch22_s03_t02\" class=\"table block\">\n<div id=\"mccrimmon-ch07_s07_s02\" class=\"section\">\n<div id=\"mccrimmon-ch22_s03_t01\" class=\"table block\">\n<h2><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Examples 1:<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n\n<strong>Author's Name Not in the Sentence:<\/strong>\n\nIf you <em>don\u2019t<\/em> say the author\u2019s name in the sentence, then the author's name needs to go in the in-text citation. Remember that direct quotes require page numbers.\n\n<strong>MLA:<\/strong>\n\nThe author writes, \u201cNot mine, not mine, not mine, but Mrs. Price is already turning to page thirty-two, and math problem number four\u201d (Cisneros 1).\n\n<strong>APA:<\/strong>\n\nThe author writes, \u201cNot mine, not mine, not mine, but Mrs. Price is already turning to page thirty-two, and math problem number four\u201d (Cisneros, 1991, p. 1).\n\n<strong>Author's Name in the Sentence:<\/strong>\n\nIf you <em>do<\/em> say the author\u2019s name in the sentence (usually in the transition or signal phrase), then the author\u2019s name doesn\u2019t need to go in the in-text citation. Remember that direct quotes require page numbers.\n\n<strong>MLA:<\/strong>\n\nCisneros writes, \u201cNot mine, not mine, not mine, but Mrs. Price is already turning to page thirty-two, and math problem number four\u201d (1).\n\n<strong>APA:<\/strong>\n\nCisneros (1991) writes, \u201cNot mine, not mine, not mine, but Mrs. Price is already turning to page thirty-two, and math problem number four\u201d (p. 1).\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mccrimmon-ch22_s04_t01\" class=\"table block\">\n<h2 class=\"title\">&nbsp;Integrating Sources (Summarized or Paraphrased Ideas):<\/h2>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><\/th>\n<th>APA<\/th>\n<th>MLA<\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\">Explanation<\/td>\n<td><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Author\u2019s name:<\/strong> Either within a signal phrase or in parentheses before the period at the end of the sentence.<\/td>\n<td><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Author\u2019s name:<\/strong> Either within a signal phrase or in parentheses before the period at the end of the sentence.<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Year:<\/strong> Either within parentheses after the name that is used in a signal phrase or after the name and a comma within the parentheses before the period at the end of the sentence (name, year).<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Page number:<\/strong> Either alone before the period at the end of the sentence or after the name within the parentheses before the period at the end of the sentence (name #).<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Example #1<\/td>\n<td>Many school staffs discuss integrating technology without making significant progress in that direction. Starr (2010) indicated that teachers\u2019 lack of personal understanding of technology could cause roadblocks to integrating technology into classrooms.<\/td>\n<td>Many school staffs discuss integrating technology without making significant progress in that direction. Starr indicated that teachers\u2019 lack of personal understanding of technology can cause road blocks to integrating technology into classrooms (1).<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Example #2<\/td>\n<td>Many school staffs discuss integrating technology without making significant progress in that direction. Teachers\u2019 lack of personal understanding of technology can cause roadblocks to integrating technology into classrooms (Starr, 2010).<\/td>\n<td>Many school staffs discuss integrating technology without making significant progress in that direction. Teachers\u2019 lack of personal understanding of technology can cause roadblocks to integrating technology into classrooms (Starr 1).<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mccrimmon-ch22_s04_t02\" class=\"table block\">\n<h2 class=\"title\">Two Authors:<\/h2>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><\/th>\n<th>APA<\/th>\n<th>MLA<\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Example #1<\/td>\n<td>Merriman and Nicoletti (2008) suggest that US K\u201312 education must take on a structure that is globally acceptable.<\/td>\n<td>Merriman and Nicoletti suggest that US K\u201312 education must take on a structure that is globally acceptable (9).<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Example #2<\/td>\n<td>US K\u201312 education must take on a structure that is globally acceptable (Merriman &amp; Nicoletti, 2008).<\/td>\n<td>US K\u201312 education must take on a structure that is globally acceptable (Merriman and Nicoletti 9).<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mccrimmon-ch22_s04_t03\" class=\"table block\">\n<h2 class=\"title\">&nbsp;Multiple Authors:<\/h2>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><\/th>\n<th>APA<\/th>\n<th>MLA<\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\">Explanation<\/td>\n<td><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Three to five Authors:<\/strong> List all three authors at first reference (name, name, and name) and the first name plus \u201cet al.\u201d for subsequent references (name et al.).<\/td>\n<td><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Three authors:<\/strong> Treat in same manner as two authors: (name, name, and name).<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Six or more authors:<\/strong> For all references, list the first name plus \u201cet al.\u201d (name et al.).<\/td>\n<td><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Four or more authors:<\/strong> You can choose to list all authors or to use the first author name plus \u201cet al.\u201d (name et al.).<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Example #1<\/td>\n<td>Borsheim, Merritt, and Reed (2008) suggest that teachers do not have to give up traditional curricula in order to integrate technology.<\/td>\n<td>Borsheim, Merritt, and Reed (2008) suggest that teachers do not have to give up traditional curricula in order to integrate technology (87).<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Example #2<\/td>\n<td>In fact, it has been argued that technology has become part of education without a great deal of effort from teachers (Borsheim et al., 2008).<\/td>\n<td>Some have argued that technology has become part of education without a great deal of effort from teachers (Borsheim et al. 87).<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mccrimmon-ch22_s04_t04\" class=\"table block\">\n<h2 class=\"title\">Personal Communication:<\/h2>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><\/th>\n<th>APA<\/th>\n<th>MLA<\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Example #1<\/td>\n<td>Stanforth (personal communication, July 17, 2010) indicated she had been using a computer board in her classroom for three years and could not imagine giving it up.<\/td>\n<td>Stanforth indicated she had been using a computer board in her classroom for three years and could not imagine giving it up.<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Example #2<\/td>\n<td>Many teachers are angry that they are being pushed to include technology because they like the way their classrooms work without it (Kennedy, personal e-mail, June 25, 2009).<\/td>\n<td>Many teachers are angry that they are being pushed to include technology because they like the way their classrooms work without it (Kennedy).<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Additional Notes:<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n\nIf an article\/source is viewed in PDF, you can use the paragraph number or the page number, depending on what\u2019s easier. For example, if the PDF has 100 paragraphs, then it might be difficult to count them all, but if the PDF only has two pages, yet is a short story with many lines, then it might be easier to count the paragraphs.\n\nExample:\n\n(Hemingway, par. 1)\n\n(Hemingway 3)\n\nIn MLA, you DO NOT us a comma before the page number, but you DO use a comma if you are using a paragraph number rather than a page number.\n\nFor page number, you simply put the number in the citation, like this:\n\n(Cisneros 1).\n\nFor paragraph number, you need the \u201cpar.\u201d like this:\n\n(Cisneros, par. 2).\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Examples with No Authors:<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n\nIt is recommended that you always choose sources that have an author so that you can determine the author's credibility; however, if your instructor allows you to use sources (usually websites) with no authors, then follow the formatting rules below.\n\nIf a source doesn\u2019t have an author, use the title of the source (such as the title of the web page), or the name of the organization.\n\n<hr>\n\n<strong>MLA Summary or Paraphrase:<\/strong>\n\nA dry desert is different from a coastal desert in several ways (\u201cDeserts\u201d).\n\nAccording to Center for Disease Control, the wearing a masks helps to prevent one from getting Covid-19.\n\n<strong>MLA Direct Quote (Note: page numbers are no longer required for websites with no author):<\/strong>\n\nA dry desert \"has specific characteristics that differentiate\" it from a coastal desert (\u201cDeserts\u201d).\n\nAccording to Center for Disease Control, the best way to \"prevent transmission of Covid-19 is to wear a mask.\"\n\nAccording to one organization, the best way to \"prevent transmission of Covid-19 is to wear a mask\" (Center for Disease Control).\n\n<hr>\n\n<strong>APA Summary or Paraphrase:<\/strong>\n\nA dry desert is different from a coastal desert in several ways (\u201cDeserts,\u201d 2018).\n\nAccording to Center for Disease Control (2020), the wearing a masks helps to prevent one from getting Covid-19.\n\n<strong>APA Direct Quote (use paragraph numbers (para.) for websites):<\/strong>\n\nA dry desert \"has specific characteristics that differentiate\" it from a coastal desert (\u201cDeserts,\u201d 2018, para. 5).\n\nAccording to Center for Disease Control (2020), the best way to \"prevent transmission of Covid-19 is to wear a mask\" (para. 4).\n\nAccording to one organization, the best way to \"prevent transmission of Covid-19 is to wear a mask\" (Center for Disease Control, 2020, para. 4).\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h1>Video Overviews<\/h1>\n<h2>MLA Citation<\/h2>\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ypWxhhpGeyM\n<h2>APA Citation<\/h2>\n[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=hhD4xaGAcRs[\/embed]\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise 1<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n\n1. Go through your essay rough draft and make sure that each in-text citation directly matches the Works Cited or Reference page. For example, if my in-text citation says this...\n\n(Smith 54)\n\n...then \"Smith\" must be the first word in my Works Cited:\n\nSmith, John. \"Creating a website....\"\n\nEspecially watch that your websites match as well. For example, in my in-text citation says this...\n\n(Center for Disease Control).\n\n...then \"Center for Disease Control\" must be the first word in my Works Cited:\n\nCenter for Disease Control. \"Staying Safe....\"\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise 2<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n\n1. Go through your essay and check all of your in-text citations that they are in the correct format.\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h1>Additional Resources:<\/h1>\nThe OWL at Purdue is one of the best websites you can use for how to do proper in-text citations. There are several rules about sources such as quoting a source within a source, citing multiple authors, and more. Because of this, it's important you use this website to determine how to probably use the in-text citations. Also, check the appendix of this textbook for the MLA\/APA guides.\n\n<strong>MLA:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/owl.purdue.edu\/owl\/research_and_citation\/mla_style\/mla_formatting_and_style_guide\/mla_in_text_citations_the_basics.html\">https:\/\/owl.purdue.edu\/owl\/research_and_citation\/mla_style\/mla_formatting_and_style_guide\/mla_in_text_citations_the_basics.html<\/a>\n\n<strong>APA:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/owl.purdue.edu\/owl\/research_and_citation\/apa_style\/apa_formatting_and_style_guide\/in_text_citations_the_basics.html\">https:\/\/owl.purdue.edu\/owl\/research_and_citation\/apa_style\/apa_formatting_and_style_guide\/in_text_citations_the_basics.html<\/a>\n\n<hr>\n\n<h2>Attribution<\/h2>\n<ul>\n \t<li><em>Content created by Dr. Sandi Van Lieu and Dr. Karen Palmer and licensed <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY NC SA<\/a>.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","rendered":"<h1>In-Text Citations<\/h1>\n<p>The first step is to correctly cite each source you will use in your paper in your list of sources. Then, when you include a quote or a reference from a source, be sure to correctly cite the source in an in-text citation.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Introduce your quote (don\u2019t just copy and paste something from your source!).<\/li>\n<li>Make sure the quote is in quotation marks.<\/li>\n<li>Properly cite the quote with an in-text citation. Before the end mark, in parenthesis, type the first word\/words of the source listing and the page number, if applicable.<\/li>\n<li>Wrap up your quote by reiterating for readers what point the quote makes (analysis\/evaluation).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The in-text citation must match the first word in the list of sources. So, if your source has an author, you would put the author&#8217;s name in the in-text citation and also at the end in the works cited. See the following example from a paper formatted using MLA documentation style:<\/p>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-101 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/karenmariepalmer.com\/theroughwritersguide\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2024\/05\/Citation_In-text.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"903\" height=\"521\" \/> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-102 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/karenmariepalmer.com\/theroughwritersguide\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2024\/05\/Works-Cited.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"963\" height=\"507\" \/><\/p>\n<div id=\"mccrimmon-ch22_s03_t02\" class=\"table block\">\n<div id=\"mccrimmon-ch07_s07_s02\" class=\"section\">\n<div id=\"mccrimmon-ch22_s03_t01\" class=\"table block\">\n<h1 class=\"title editable block\">Formatting In-Text References<\/h1>\n<p id=\"mccrimmon-ch22_s04_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">When you use others\u2019 ideas, you have a variety of options for integrating these sources into your text. The main requirement is that you make it clear within your in-text reference that the information is not yours and that you clearly indicate where you got the idea. The following box shows some alternate phrases for signaling that the ideas you are using belong to another writer. Using a variety of wording makes writing more interesting. Note: Past tense is used in these examples. You may elect to use present tense (\u201cwrites\u201d) or past perfect tense (\u201chas written\u201d), but keep your tense use consistent. Some disciplines have specific requirements for tense. For example,&nbsp; if you are writing about literature, you should always use the present tense.<\/p>\n<div id=\"mccrimmon-ch22_s04_n01\" class=\"callout editable block\">\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h2 class=\"title\">Phrases That Signal an Idea Belongs to Another Writer (<em>APA style includes the date of publication in parenthesis; MLA style does not<\/em>):<\/h2>\n<ul id=\"mccrimmon-ch22_s04_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\n<li>According to Starr (2010)\u2026<\/li>\n<li>Acknowledging that\u2026<\/li>\n<li>Starr (2010) stated\u2026<\/li>\n<li>As Starr (2010) noted\u2026<\/li>\n<li>In 2010, Starr reported\u2026<\/li>\n<li>In the words of Starr (2010)\u2026<\/li>\n<li>It is obvious, according to Starr (2010), that\u2026<\/li>\n<li>Starr (2010) argued that\u2026<\/li>\n<li>Starr (2010) disagreed when she said\u2026<\/li>\n<li>Starr (2010) emphasized the importance of\u2026<\/li>\n<li>Starr (2010) suggested\u2026<\/li>\n<li>Starr observed in 2010 that\u2026<\/li>\n<li>Technology specialist, Linda Starr, claimed that\u2026(2010).<\/li>\n<li>\u2026indicated Starr (2010).<\/li>\n<li>\u2026wrote Starr (2010)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"para editable block\">The Tables below shows some actual examples of integrating sources within the guidelines of APA and MLA documentation formats. Note how the cited details are woven in with the author&#8217;s ideas.<\/p>\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"table block\">\n<h2 class=\"title\">&nbsp;Integrating Sources (Using Direct Quotations):<\/h2>\n<table class=\"grid landscape\" style=\"width: 653px; border-spacing: 0px;\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 89.3125px\"><\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 273.312px\">APA<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 248.312px\">MLA<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 89.3125px\" rowspan=\"2\">Explanation<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 273.312px\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Short Quotations:<\/strong> Place within quotation marks and follow with page number in parentheses (p. #). Include the author\u2019s name and date either in a signal phrase before the quotation or at the end (name, year, p. #).<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 248.312px\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Short Quotations:<\/strong> Place within quotation marks and follow with page number in parentheses (#). Include the author\u2019s name either in a signal phrase before the quotation or at the end (name #)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 273.312px\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Long Quotations (forty words or more):<\/strong> Place in an inset block of text without quotations. Include the author\u2019s name and date either in a signal phrase before the quotation or at the end (name, year, p. #).<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 248.312px\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Long Quotations (more than four lines):<\/strong> Place in an inset block of text without quotations. Include the author\u2019s name either in a signal phrase before the quotation or at the end (name #).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 89.3125px\">Example #1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 273.312px\">According to Fullan (2001), \u201cEducational change depends on what teachers do and think\u2014it\u2019s as simple and complex as that\u201d (p. 107).<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 248.312px\">According to Fullan, \u201cEducational change depends on what teachers do and think\u2014it\u2019s as simple and complex as that\u201d (107).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 89.3125px\">Example #2<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 273.312px\">\u201cEducational change depends on what teachers do and think\u2014it\u2019s as simple and complex as that\u201d (Fullan, 2001, p. 107).<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 248.312px\">\u201cEducational change depends on what teachers do and think\u2014it\u2019s as simple and complex as that\u201d (Fullan 107).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"table block\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"table block\">\n<h2><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Examples 1:<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><strong>Author&#8217;s Name Not in the Sentence:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>If you <em>don\u2019t<\/em> say the author\u2019s name in the sentence, then the author&#8217;s name needs to go in the in-text citation. Remember that direct quotes require page numbers.<\/p>\n<p><strong>MLA:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The author writes, \u201cNot mine, not mine, not mine, but Mrs. Price is already turning to page thirty-two, and math problem number four\u201d (Cisneros 1).<\/p>\n<p><strong>APA:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The author writes, \u201cNot mine, not mine, not mine, but Mrs. Price is already turning to page thirty-two, and math problem number four\u201d (Cisneros, 1991, p. 1).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Author&#8217;s Name in the Sentence:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>If you <em>do<\/em> say the author\u2019s name in the sentence (usually in the transition or signal phrase), then the author\u2019s name doesn\u2019t need to go in the in-text citation. Remember that direct quotes require page numbers.<\/p>\n<p><strong>MLA:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Cisneros writes, \u201cNot mine, not mine, not mine, but Mrs. Price is already turning to page thirty-two, and math problem number four\u201d (1).<\/p>\n<p><strong>APA:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Cisneros (1991) writes, \u201cNot mine, not mine, not mine, but Mrs. Price is already turning to page thirty-two, and math problem number four\u201d (p. 1).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mccrimmon-ch22_s04_t01\" class=\"table block\">\n<h2 class=\"title\">&nbsp;Integrating Sources (Summarized or Paraphrased Ideas):<\/h2>\n<table cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><\/th>\n<th>APA<\/th>\n<th>MLA<\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\">Explanation<\/td>\n<td><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Author\u2019s name:<\/strong> Either within a signal phrase or in parentheses before the period at the end of the sentence.<\/td>\n<td><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Author\u2019s name:<\/strong> Either within a signal phrase or in parentheses before the period at the end of the sentence.<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Year:<\/strong> Either within parentheses after the name that is used in a signal phrase or after the name and a comma within the parentheses before the period at the end of the sentence (name, year).<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Page number:<\/strong> Either alone before the period at the end of the sentence or after the name within the parentheses before the period at the end of the sentence (name #).<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Example #1<\/td>\n<td>Many school staffs discuss integrating technology without making significant progress in that direction. Starr (2010) indicated that teachers\u2019 lack of personal understanding of technology could cause roadblocks to integrating technology into classrooms.<\/td>\n<td>Many school staffs discuss integrating technology without making significant progress in that direction. Starr indicated that teachers\u2019 lack of personal understanding of technology can cause road blocks to integrating technology into classrooms (1).<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Example #2<\/td>\n<td>Many school staffs discuss integrating technology without making significant progress in that direction. Teachers\u2019 lack of personal understanding of technology can cause roadblocks to integrating technology into classrooms (Starr, 2010).<\/td>\n<td>Many school staffs discuss integrating technology without making significant progress in that direction. Teachers\u2019 lack of personal understanding of technology can cause roadblocks to integrating technology into classrooms (Starr 1).<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mccrimmon-ch22_s04_t02\" class=\"table block\">\n<h2 class=\"title\">Two Authors:<\/h2>\n<table cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><\/th>\n<th>APA<\/th>\n<th>MLA<\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Example #1<\/td>\n<td>Merriman and Nicoletti (2008) suggest that US K\u201312 education must take on a structure that is globally acceptable.<\/td>\n<td>Merriman and Nicoletti suggest that US K\u201312 education must take on a structure that is globally acceptable (9).<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Example #2<\/td>\n<td>US K\u201312 education must take on a structure that is globally acceptable (Merriman &amp; Nicoletti, 2008).<\/td>\n<td>US K\u201312 education must take on a structure that is globally acceptable (Merriman and Nicoletti 9).<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mccrimmon-ch22_s04_t03\" class=\"table block\">\n<h2 class=\"title\">&nbsp;Multiple Authors:<\/h2>\n<table cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><\/th>\n<th>APA<\/th>\n<th>MLA<\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\">Explanation<\/td>\n<td><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Three to five Authors:<\/strong> List all three authors at first reference (name, name, and name) and the first name plus \u201cet al.\u201d for subsequent references (name et al.).<\/td>\n<td><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Three authors:<\/strong> Treat in same manner as two authors: (name, name, and name).<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Six or more authors:<\/strong> For all references, list the first name plus \u201cet al.\u201d (name et al.).<\/td>\n<td><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Four or more authors:<\/strong> You can choose to list all authors or to use the first author name plus \u201cet al.\u201d (name et al.).<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Example #1<\/td>\n<td>Borsheim, Merritt, and Reed (2008) suggest that teachers do not have to give up traditional curricula in order to integrate technology.<\/td>\n<td>Borsheim, Merritt, and Reed (2008) suggest that teachers do not have to give up traditional curricula in order to integrate technology (87).<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Example #2<\/td>\n<td>In fact, it has been argued that technology has become part of education without a great deal of effort from teachers (Borsheim et al., 2008).<\/td>\n<td>Some have argued that technology has become part of education without a great deal of effort from teachers (Borsheim et al. 87).<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mccrimmon-ch22_s04_t04\" class=\"table block\">\n<h2 class=\"title\">Personal Communication:<\/h2>\n<table cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><\/th>\n<th>APA<\/th>\n<th>MLA<\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Example #1<\/td>\n<td>Stanforth (personal communication, July 17, 2010) indicated she had been using a computer board in her classroom for three years and could not imagine giving it up.<\/td>\n<td>Stanforth indicated she had been using a computer board in her classroom for three years and could not imagine giving it up.<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Example #2<\/td>\n<td>Many teachers are angry that they are being pushed to include technology because they like the way their classrooms work without it (Kennedy, personal e-mail, June 25, 2009).<\/td>\n<td>Many teachers are angry that they are being pushed to include technology because they like the way their classrooms work without it (Kennedy).<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Additional Notes:<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>If an article\/source is viewed in PDF, you can use the paragraph number or the page number, depending on what\u2019s easier. For example, if the PDF has 100 paragraphs, then it might be difficult to count them all, but if the PDF only has two pages, yet is a short story with many lines, then it might be easier to count the paragraphs.<\/p>\n<p>Example:<\/p>\n<p>(Hemingway, par. 1)<\/p>\n<p>(Hemingway 3)<\/p>\n<p>In MLA, you DO NOT us a comma before the page number, but you DO use a comma if you are using a paragraph number rather than a page number.<\/p>\n<p>For page number, you simply put the number in the citation, like this:<\/p>\n<p>(Cisneros 1).<\/p>\n<p>For paragraph number, you need the \u201cpar.\u201d like this:<\/p>\n<p>(Cisneros, par. 2).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Examples with No Authors:<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>It is recommended that you always choose sources that have an author so that you can determine the author&#8217;s credibility; however, if your instructor allows you to use sources (usually websites) with no authors, then follow the formatting rules below.<\/p>\n<p>If a source doesn\u2019t have an author, use the title of the source (such as the title of the web page), or the name of the organization.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>MLA Summary or Paraphrase:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A dry desert is different from a coastal desert in several ways (\u201cDeserts\u201d).<\/p>\n<p>According to Center for Disease Control, the wearing a masks helps to prevent one from getting Covid-19.<\/p>\n<p><strong>MLA Direct Quote (Note: page numbers are no longer required for websites with no author):<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A dry desert &#8220;has specific characteristics that differentiate&#8221; it from a coastal desert (\u201cDeserts\u201d).<\/p>\n<p>According to Center for Disease Control, the best way to &#8220;prevent transmission of Covid-19 is to wear a mask.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>According to one organization, the best way to &#8220;prevent transmission of Covid-19 is to wear a mask&#8221; (Center for Disease Control).<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>APA Summary or Paraphrase:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A dry desert is different from a coastal desert in several ways (\u201cDeserts,\u201d 2018).<\/p>\n<p>According to Center for Disease Control (2020), the wearing a masks helps to prevent one from getting Covid-19.<\/p>\n<p><strong>APA Direct Quote (use paragraph numbers (para.) for websites):<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A dry desert &#8220;has specific characteristics that differentiate&#8221; it from a coastal desert (\u201cDeserts,\u201d 2018, para. 5).<\/p>\n<p>According to Center for Disease Control (2020), the best way to &#8220;prevent transmission of Covid-19 is to wear a mask&#8221; (para. 4).<\/p>\n<p>According to one organization, the best way to &#8220;prevent transmission of Covid-19 is to wear a mask&#8221; (Center for Disease Control, 2020, para. 4).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h1>Video Overviews<\/h1>\n<h2>MLA Citation<\/h2>\n<p><iframe id=\"oembed-2\" title=\"The Basics of MLA In-text Citations | Scribbr \ud83c\udf93\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ypWxhhpGeyM?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h2>APA Citation<\/h2>\n<p><iframe id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"The Basics of APA In-text Citations (6th Edition) | Scribbr \ud83c\udf93\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/hhD4xaGAcRs?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise 1<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>1. Go through your essay rough draft and make sure that each in-text citation directly matches the Works Cited or Reference page. For example, if my in-text citation says this&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>(Smith 54)<\/p>\n<p>&#8230;then &#8220;Smith&#8221; must be the first word in my Works Cited:<\/p>\n<p>Smith, John. &#8220;Creating a website&#8230;.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Especially watch that your websites match as well. For example, in my in-text citation says this&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>(Center for Disease Control).<\/p>\n<p>&#8230;then &#8220;Center for Disease Control&#8221; must be the first word in my Works Cited:<\/p>\n<p>Center for Disease Control. &#8220;Staying Safe&#8230;.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise 2<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>1. Go through your essay and check all of your in-text citations that they are in the correct format.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h1>Additional Resources:<\/h1>\n<p>The OWL at Purdue is one of the best websites you can use for how to do proper in-text citations. There are several rules about sources such as quoting a source within a source, citing multiple authors, and more. Because of this, it&#8217;s important you use this website to determine how to probably use the in-text citations. Also, check the appendix of this textbook for the MLA\/APA guides.<\/p>\n<p><strong>MLA:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/owl.purdue.edu\/owl\/research_and_citation\/mla_style\/mla_formatting_and_style_guide\/mla_in_text_citations_the_basics.html\">https:\/\/owl.purdue.edu\/owl\/research_and_citation\/mla_style\/mla_formatting_and_style_guide\/mla_in_text_citations_the_basics.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>APA:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/owl.purdue.edu\/owl\/research_and_citation\/apa_style\/apa_formatting_and_style_guide\/in_text_citations_the_basics.html\">https:\/\/owl.purdue.edu\/owl\/research_and_citation\/apa_style\/apa_formatting_and_style_guide\/in_text_citations_the_basics.html<\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Attribution<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Content created by Dr. Sandi Van Lieu and Dr. Karen Palmer and licensed <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY NC SA<\/a>.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"In Text Citation","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["dr-sandi-van-lieu","dr-karen-palmer"],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[62],"license":[],"class_list":["post-83","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-dr-karen-palmer"],"part":72,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/karenmariepalmer.com\/theroughwritersguide\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/83","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/karenmariepalmer.com\/theroughwritersguide\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/karenmariepalmer.com\/theroughwritersguide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/karenmariepalmer.com\/theroughwritersguide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/karenmariepalmer.com\/theroughwritersguide\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/83\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":144,"href":"https:\/\/karenmariepalmer.com\/theroughwritersguide\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/83\/revisions\/144"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/karenmariepalmer.com\/theroughwritersguide\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/72"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/karenmariepalmer.com\/theroughwritersguide\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/83\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/karenmariepalmer.com\/theroughwritersguide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=83"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/karenmariepalmer.com\/theroughwritersguide\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=83"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/karenmariepalmer.com\/theroughwritersguide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=83"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/karenmariepalmer.com\/theroughwritersguide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=83"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}